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School bullying and campus violence is a widespread social problem in the world.School bullying is characterized by its repeatability and suddenness,which could make the victims suffering from both psychological and health damage,and even affect their personality growth.Government should pay close attention to the reduction and control of school bullying and campus violence by establishing school bullying emergency response system and preparedness plan.The school and teacher's role and legal responsibility in the service and management in schools should be cleared and defined.It is necessary to help teachers conduct early detection and intervention for school bullying,conduct morality,mental health and legal educations in students to teach them to act according to the law and protect themselves according to the law and help them identify and avoid risks,encourage the establishment of rescue facility and web of anti-school bullying by non-government organizations,and set hotline for school bullying incident to reduce the incidence of school bullying.
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Objective:to apply Fuzhengkangai AIDS particles combined therapy with effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at the beginning of the HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients,observe its clinical curative effect and improve the related adverse reactions.Methods:a multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical research method,divided into experimental group and the control group (n =57),experimental group to "Fuzhengkangai particles" joint efficient antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiviral treatment,control group to "Fuzhengkangai particles" placebo (5％ low dose) joint efficient antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiviral treatment,treatment for 3 months.Two groups of patients with simultaneous liver and kidney function,blood routine,CD4 + T lymphocyte count,the observation of TCM symptoms and signs,survival quality of integral.Results:after 12 weeks of treatment,the control group and experimental group,the experimental group significantly elevated levels of peripheral blood RBC,lower levels of CR,reduce the signs and symptoms (total score,fatigue,stay,and spontaneous perspiration)integral,higher levels of CD4 + T lymphocyte count and survival quality score,the difference had statistical significance (p ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Fuzhengkangai particles joint efficient antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiviral treatment,can improve HAART after initial treatment of the patient's clinical symptoms,blood toxicity,the quality of survival,reduce the antiviral treatment of adverse reactions,combination drug alone can significantly increase the CD4 + T lymphocytes,so as to improve clinical curative effect.
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School bullying and campus violence is a widespread social problem in the world.School bullying is characterized by its repeatability and suddenness,which could make the victims suffering from both psychological and health damage,and even affect their personality growth.Government should pay close attention to the reduction and control of school bullying and campus violence by establishing school bullying emergency response system and preparedness plan.The school and teacher's role and legal responsibility in the service and management in schools should be cleared and defined.It is necessary to help teachers conduct early detection and intervention for school bullying,conduct morality,mental health and legal educations in students to teach them to act according to the law and protect themselves according to the law and help them identify and avoid risks,encourage the establishment of rescue facility and web of anti-school bullying by non-government organizations,and set hotline for school bullying incident to reduce the incidence of school bullying.
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Objective To analyze related behaviors of individual preparedness and influencing factors on violent terrorist attacks among undergraduates.Methods A total of 1 800 undergraduates from 5 colleges or universities in Guangzhou were selected,using the stratified cluster method.A questionnaire involving the response to violent terrorist attack behavior was used to assess the individual preparedness behaviors among undergraduates.A self-made questionnaire was applied to collect information on demographic factors,cognitive and preparedness behaviors.Results The mean score of individual preparedness behavior among undergraduates was 13.49 ± 5.02 while information on seeking behavior was 4.27 ± 1.64,avoidance behavior was 5.97± 2.16 and violent terrorist attack response behaviors was 23.73 ± 7.21,with 30.0 percent of undergraduates behaved properly.Significant differences were found in the scores of behaviors on the response to violent terrorist attack with different gender,major they pursue or religious belief (P＜0.05),among undergraduates involved in this study.Results from the logistic regression analysis revealed that persons being girls (OR=1.46,95％ CI:1.06-2.01),with bigger perceived probability (OR=1.60,95％ CI:1.12-2.30),with higher alertness (OR=3.77,95％ CI:2.15-6.61),with stronger coping confidence (OR=0.34,95％ CI:0.24-0.48) and bigger affective response (OR1=3.42,95％ CI:2.40-4.86; OR2 =0.23,95 ％ CI:0.1 3-0.41),would present more prominent behavior responses when facing the violent terrorist attack.Conclusion Individual response behaviors to violent terrorist attacks among undergraduates were relatively ideal.Perceived probability,alertness,coping confidence and affective response appeared to be independent influencing factors related to response behaviors against violent terrorist attack.In colleges and universities,awareness on violent terrorist attacks should be strengthened among undergraduates.Focus should target on psychological education dealing with disaster,knowledge and skills needed for emergency response,so as to respond to the emergency on campus.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the quality of life and related factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Guangdong province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 443 subjects older than age 18 who had been diagnosed as HIV/AIDS were recruited from AIDS Outpatient Clinic Departments in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life(HAT-QoL)scale was used to measure the quality of life on the patients. Nonparametric test method and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to explore the related factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average scores of the following nine domains of HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life scales were:overall function as 59.89 ± 23.35, concerns on medication as 62.91 ± 24.01, worries on factors as being disclosed, on health, on financial situation were 19.97 ± 23.04, 54.05 ± 12.24 and 35.94 ± 26.45, respectively, trust on providers as 68.72 ± 26.17, rate of understanding HIV as 61.46 ± 25.72, on life satisfaction as 56.90 ± 25.30 and on sexual function as 50.82 ± 23.86. Factors associated with quality of life would include sex, age, residential area, education, employment, marital status, complications, HAART-related prescriptions, route of infection and duration of HIV/AIDS etc.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The quality of life among HIV/AIDS patients had declined, especially on worries related to disclosure and financial situation. More attention should be paid on those with poor education, low income and lack of family support in order to improve their quality of life and reducing mortality.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Quality of Life , Regression Analysis , Social Support , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the incidence and influencing factors of psychological violence among college students in Guangzhou in 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Convenience sampling method was used and 2 200 college students from 61 classes of three universities in Guangzhou were interviewed with self-designed questionnaire about the incidence and influencing factors of the psychological violence in 2010. The valid sample was 2 060. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess the incidence and influencing factors of the psychological violence between different genders.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 66.3% (1 365/2 060) college students reported having experienced at least one kind of psychological violence during the past 12 months, either as a perpetrator or as a victim. The proportion of psychological violence among males (72.3%, 775/1 072) was significantly higher than that in females (59.7%, 590/988)(χ(2) = 36.39, P < 0.05). The incidence of perpetration only, victimization only, and both perpetration and victimization of psychological violence were 16.1% (331/2 060), 8.9% (184/2 060) and 41.3% (850/2 060), respectively. The incidence of victimization only in females was 10.4% (103/988), which was significantly higher than that in males (7.6%, 81/1 072) (χ(2) = 5.20, P < 0.05). The incidence of both perpetration and victimization in males was 47.3% (507/1 072), which was significantly higher than that in females (34.7%, 343/988) (χ(2) = 33.56, P < 0.05). In males, the multinomial logistic regression showed the risk factors for perpetration only was having harmful behavior habits (OR = 1.90). For victimization only, the risk factors were with siblings (OR = 2.42) and prior mistreatment by teachers from primary to senior high school (OR = 1.78). For both perpetration and victimization, the risk factors were with siblings (OR = 1.88), having harmful behavior habits (OR = 1.98), bad family economic conditions (difficult OR = 1.99, general OR = 1.67) and prior mistreatment by teachers from primary to senior high school(OR = 2.07). In females, the risk factors for perpetration only were self-claimed shortage of monthly living expenses(OR = 2.14) or just enough (OR = 2.26), having harmful behavior habits (OR = 1.69) (all P values<0.05) . For victimization only, the risk factors were bad family economic conditions (difficult OR = 6.67, 15 persons; general OR = 3.81), bullied by others before university(OR = 2.05). For both perpetration and victimization, the risk factors were self-claimed shortage of monthly living expenses (OR = 1.81), bad family economic conditions (OR = 2.43), disharmonious relations between parents (OR = 1.76), physical punishment by parents (OR = 1.66), bullied by others before university (OR = 2.14) and prior mistreatment by teachers from primary to senior high school(OR = 1.73). Having a religious faith was the protective factor (OR = 0.38) (all P values<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence of psychological violence among college students is very serious in Guangzhou in 2010. And the influencing factors of it between different genders are different. Females are affected by a wider ranges of factors than males, and are more influenced by family and parents.</p>
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Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Aggression , Classification , Psychology , Family , Psychology , Incidence , Logistic Models , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Stress, Psychological , Epidemiology , Students , Surveys and Questionnaires , UniversitiesABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the situation of mother to child transmission of HIV after mothers acquired HIV prenatally or before pregnancy and the related factors. Methods Two hundred and seventy-seven mothers who acquired HIV prenatally or before pregnancy and their 322children from Yi-ning city of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region and some counties of central China were enrolled in this study from January 2000 to December 2009.Subtypes of HIV were determined by detection of Gag sequence,the rate of HIV transmission from mother to child was calculated and its related factors were analyzed by Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe HIV subtype of all mothers who were infected through blood (n=174) was B'.The major subtype of mothers who were infected via sexuality (n =58) was recombined subtype CRF01-BC (n=35) and CRF-AE (n=20),accounting for 60.3％ and 34.5％,respectively,and only 3 mothers with B'subtype (5.2％).Twelve infants died before HIV detection,and 108 infants out of the rest 310infants were found to be HIV positive, giving the HIV mother-to-child transmission rate of 34.8％ (95％ CI:29.5％-40.1％).The infection rate of bottle feeding infants was lower than that of breastfeeding infants [12.5％ (6/48) vs 38.9％ (102/262),x2 =12.484,P=0.000].The infection rate of the infants whose mothers' HIV infection ＜7 years was lower than that of the infants whose mothers' HIV infection ≥7 years [28.8％ (46/160) vs 54.2％ (32/59),x2 =12.211,P=0.000].Multi-factor Logistic analysis showed that the duration of maternal HIV infection (OR =1.342,95％ CI:1.189-1.515,P=0.000) and duration of breastfeeding (OR =1.137,95％ CI:1.053-1.227,P=0.001) were risk factors of HIV vertical transmission.ConclusionsThe HIV subtypes might be associated with transmission route.Formula feeding could decrease the vertical transmission rate of HIV,while long duration of maternal HIV infection and breastfeeding might increase the vertical transmission rate of HIV.
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Objective To analyze the direct and indirect effects of influencing factors on suicide ideation among college students based on the structural equation model. Methods 1505 college students were investigated with ASLEC, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, SSRS, QSA and BDI. Results Incidence rate of college students' suicidal ideations during the past year was 6.67%. The goodness of fit for the structural equation model was satisfactory and 3 major indices( x2/df = 2.23, GFI = 0. 982, RMSEA = 0. 029 ) had met corresponding requirements. The depression was directly influencing factor on suicide ideation, while four factors including passive coping style, social support, positive coping style and suicide attitude, had indirect impacts. Negative life event not only directly affected suicide ideation, but also had indirect effects. According to the percentages of their contribution, the risk factors were ranked as follows:depression (41.08%), negativity life event (35.35%) and passive coping style (6.05%). Similarly, the top protective factor was: social support ( 11.94% ), followed by positive coping style (4.94%) and suicide attitude (0.63%). Conclusion Depression is an important risk factor of suicide,and has a direct impact. So, not only strengthen the mental health of college students, but also train students to face up the difficulties with a positive style, and make the college students get social supports sufficiently.
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Objective To provide scientific support for the prevention and control of expressway traffic injury by analyzing the epidemiological features of expressway traffic injury in China.Methods The secular trend and epidemiologic features of expressway traffic injury from 1994 to 2009 in China were analyzed.The indicators including mortality of mileage,accident rate of mileage,and accident mortality were used to evaluate the severity of expressway traffic injury in China.Cluster analysis was used to compare the differences of accident rate of mileage and accident mortality from 29 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions.Results Except for the yearly increase of the accident mortality and the fluctuant decrease of the mortality and accident rate of mileage,other indicators reflecting the domestic expressway traffic injury from 1994 to 2009 were increased and then decreased,when the decreased indicators were still higher than those in 1994.In addition to the number of accidents of the four basic traffic injury indicators,the proportions of other three indicators(number of wounded and death,direct property damage)in the road traffic injury were increased year by year and the increase was the most obvious in regard of the direct property damage which had accounted for more than 30％ since 2006.The data from 2007 to 2009 showed that the peak time of traffic accidents was at around 4:00 am and around 4:00 pm.The traffic accidents caused by the drivers accounted for 93.02％ and the drivers with less than five years of driving accounted for 40.92％.Pedestrians and passengers were vulnerable to the expressway traffic injury and the accident mortality was the highest(72.75 per 100 accidents).Rear collision(44.17％)and bumping the fixed objects(16.35％)were the major accident types.There was a high accident proportion on the dry road(77.60％)and sunshine day(65.39％).Conclusions With worsening situation of the expressway traffic injury in China,we should,based on the epidemiological features of traffic injury on expressway,take appropriate measures such as strengthening traffic management of expressway and education of road users and improving the emergency medical service level.
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Objective To understand the cogniton,attitude and behavior of the psychological counseling in college students,and the results should be helpful to mental health promotion programs.Methods 585 college students were recruited by a cluster sampling.A self-designed questionnaire about the psychological consultation was finished by the subjects.All the data were entered a database with Epi Data V3.1 software.Statistical analysis of the data was done on the SPSS software (V13.0).Chi-square test was used to compare the constituent ratio difference among different groups.Results 64.10% students considered the function of counseling was to help person better understand themselves;63.72% of students agreed with that it is very necessary to carry out psychological counseling in college.When they encountered some confusion which beyond their ability to solve,they will at first resort to their friends,parents other than counseling Center in campus.32.58% of students didn’t know the counseling center in their college.Only 8.38% of students ever went to the counseling center.Conclusions Although the majority of students hold positive attitudes and cognition about psychological counseling.However,their behavior was negative.It is contradictory between their cognition and behavior.It is very necessary to explore the deeper reasons and carry out some targeted health education in college students.
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China is one of the countries with most serious natural disasters lose all over the world.Natural disasters are a public emergency.Human society can't avoid the natural disasters today,so the global target of a struggle is to reduce the loss of natural disasters.The natural disasters loss will be reduced to a minimum,once the system is established of medical rescue and emergency management by the government.
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Objective To study the status and risk factors for falling down in elderly people in rural areas, and to provide evidences for preventions. Methods A total of 1 003 farmers aged 60 years old and over were surveyed to study the falls occurred during the previous 12 months before March 2001 in the elderly in a town of Laizhou City by cluster sampling method. Results The average incidence of falling down was 22.6%, 15.9% for men and 28.4% for women, respectively. The risk factors of falls included gender, age, single-living, falling history in the previous year, at least combined two kinds of chronic diseases, manifesting at least two symptoms, gait abnormalities, as well as complaining poor physical status and poorer general conditions than the previous year. Less social actions was negatively associated with the falls. Conclusions The falling in the elderly walkers results from an outcome of combination of multifactors. Since the complex pathogenesis, it should be prevented by a combination of several methods.
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Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) are a family of soluble detoxification enzymes which use reduced glutathione(GSH) in conjugation and reduction reactions.Toxic electrophiles,including a variety of carcinogens,are substrates for the GSTs and are more easily excreted into bile or urine after conjugation or reduction .The three-dimensional structures of GSTs from several species,including humans,have been determined.GST activity has been found to present in all human tissues,and expression of the various GST isoenzymes differs in degree in the various tissues. Glutathione S-transferases may play a role in the protection of cells against toxic electrophiles and in the resistance to cancer chemotherapeutic agants.The polymorphisms of GSTs genes are one of the important factors that exercise influence on individual susceptibility to cancer.
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AIM: To investigate the mutagenicity of cadmium and zinc and the effect of zinc on the mutagenicity of cadmium. METHODS: The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced by cadmium, zinc and the combination of cadmium and zinc were observed in cultured human lymphocytes. RESULTS: Cadmium induced the increase in frequency of SCE in human lymphocytes from the concentration 1?10~(-8) mol/L to 1?10~(-6) mol/L, but zinc had a negative result. Zinc reduced the frequency of SCE induced by cadmium at the concentration from 1?10~(-6) mol/L to 1?10~(-4) mol/L and a relationship between dose and effect was also observed. CONCLUSION: Zinc inhibits the mutagenicity of cadmium in cultured human lymphocytes.